Crate stdStable[stability] [-] [+] [src]

The Rust Standard Library

The Rust Standard Library provides the essential runtime functionality for building portable Rust software. It is linked to all Rust crates by default.

Intrinsic types and operations

The ptr and mem modules deal with unsafe pointers and memory manipulation. marker defines the special built-in traits, and raw the runtime representation of Rust types. These are some of the lowest-level building blocks in Rust.

Math on primitive types and math traits

Although basic operations on primitive types are implemented directly by the compiler, the standard library additionally defines many common operations through traits defined in mod num.

Pervasive types

The option and result modules define optional and error-handling types, Option and Result. iter defines Rust's iterator protocol along with a wide variety of iterators. Cell and RefCell are for creating types that manage their own mutability.

Vectors, slices and strings

The common container type, Vec, a growable vector backed by an array, lives in the vec module. References to arrays, &[T], more commonly called "slices", are built-in types for which the slice module defines many methods.

&str, a UTF-8 string, is a built-in type, and the standard library defines methods for it on a variety of traits in the str module. Rust strings are immutable; use the String type defined in string for a mutable string builder.

For converting to strings use the format! macro, and for converting from strings use the FromStr trait.

Platform abstractions

Besides basic data types, the standard library is largely concerned with abstracting over differences in common platforms, most notably Windows and Unix derivatives. The os module provides a number of basic functions for interacting with the operating environment, including program arguments, environment variables, and directory navigation. The path module encapsulates the platform-specific rules for dealing with file paths.

std also includes modules for interoperating with the C language: c_str and c_vec.

Concurrency, I/O, and the runtime

The thread module contains Rust's threading abstractions, while comm contains the channel types for message passing. sync contains further, primitive, shared memory types, including atomic.

Common types of I/O, including files, TCP, UDP, pipes, Unix domain sockets, timers, and process spawning, are defined in the old_io module.

Rust's I/O and concurrency depends on a small runtime interface that lives, along with its support code, in mod rt. While a notable part of the standard library's architecture, this module is not intended for public use.

The Rust prelude and macros

Finally, the prelude defines a common set of traits, types, and functions that are made available to all code by default. macros contains all the standard macros, such as assert!, panic!, println!, and format!, also available to all Rust code.

Primitive Types

bool

The boolean type

char

Character manipulation (char type, Unicode Scalar Value)

f32

Operations and constants for 32-bits floats (f32 type)

f64

Operations and constants for 64-bits floats (f64 type)

i16

Operations and constants for signed 16-bits integers (i16 type)

i32

Operations and constants for signed 32-bits integers (i32 type)

i64

Operations and constants for signed 64-bits integers (i64 type)

i8

Operations and constants for signed 8-bits integers (i8 type)

isize

Operations and constants for pointer-sized signed integers (isize type)

slice

Utilities for slice manipulation

str

Unicode string manipulation (str type)

tuple

Operations on tuples

u16

Operations and constants for unsigned 16-bits integers (u16 type)

u32

Operations and constants for unsigned 32-bits integers (u32 type)

u64

Operations and constants for unsigned 64-bits integer (u64 type)

u8

Operations and constants for unsigned 8-bits integers (u8 type)

usize

Operations and constants for pointer-sized unsigned integers (usize type)

Modules

any

Traits for dynamic typing of any 'static type (through runtime reflection)

ascii

Operations on ASCII strings and characters

borrow

A module for working with borrowed data.

boxed

A pointer type for heap allocation.

cell

Shareable mutable containers.

char

Character manipulation (char type, Unicode Scalar Value)

clone

The Clone trait for types that cannot be 'implicitly copied'

cmp

Functionality for ordering and comparison.

collections

Collection types.

default

The Default trait for types which may have meaningful default values.

dynamic_lib

Dynamic library facilities.

env

Inspection and manipulation of the process's environment.

error

Traits for working with Errors.

f32

Operations and constants for 32-bits floats (f32 type)

f64

Operations and constants for 64-bits floats (f64 type)

ffi

Utilities related to FFI bindings.

finally

The Finally trait provides a method, finally on stack closures that emulates Java-style try/finally blocks.

fmt

Utilities for formatting and printing strings

fs

Filesystem manipulation operations

hash

Generic hashing support.

i16

Operations and constants for signed 16-bits integers (i16 type)

i32

Operations and constants for signed 32-bits integers (i32 type)

i64

Operations and constants for signed 64-bits integers (i64 type)

i8

Operations and constants for signed 8-bits integers (i8 type)

int

Deprecated: replaced by isize.

intrinsics

rustc compiler intrinsics.

io

Traits, helpers, and type definitions for core I/O functionality.

isize

Operations and constants for pointer-sized signed integers (isize type)

iter

Composable external iterators

marker

Primitive traits and marker types representing basic 'kinds' of types.

mem

Basic functions for dealing with memory

net

Networking primitives for TCP/UDP communication

num

Numeric traits and functions for generic mathematics

old_io

I/O, including files, networking, timers, and processes

old_path

Cross-platform path support

ops

Overloadable operators

option

Optional values

os

Higher-level interfaces to libc::* functions and operating system services.

path

Cross-platform path manipulation.

prelude

The Rust prelude

process

Working with processes.

ptr

Operations on unsafe pointers, *const T, and *mut T.

rand

Utilities for random number generation

raw

Contains struct definitions for the layout of compiler built-in types.

rc

Thread-local reference-counted boxes (the Rc<T> type).

result

Error handling with the Result type

rt

Runtime services

simd

SIMD vectors.

slice

Utilities for slice manipulation

str

Unicode string manipulation (str type)

string

An owned, growable string that enforces that its contents are valid UTF-8.

sync

Useful synchronization primitives

thread

Native threads

thread_local

Thread local storage

thunk
time

Temporal quantification.

u16

Operations and constants for unsigned 16-bits integers (u16 type)

u32

Operations and constants for unsigned 32-bits integers (u32 type)

u64

Operations and constants for unsigned 64-bits integer (u64 type)

u8

Operations and constants for unsigned 8-bits integers (u8 type)

uint

Deprecated: replaced by usize.

usize

Operations and constants for pointer-sized unsigned integers (usize type)

vec

A growable list type with heap-allocated contents, written Vec<T> but pronounced 'vector.'

Macros

assert!

Ensure that a boolean expression is true at runtime.

assert_eq!

Asserts that two expressions are equal to each other, testing equality in both directions.

cfg!

Boolean evaluation of configuration flags.

column!

A macro which expands to the column number on which it was invoked.

concat!

Concatenates literals into a static string slice.

concat_idents!

Concatenate identifiers into one identifier.

debug_assert!

Ensure that a boolean expression is true at runtime.

debug_assert_eq!

Asserts that two expressions are equal to each other, testing equality in both directions.

env!

Inspect an environment variable at compile time.

file!

A macro which expands to the file name from which it was invoked.

format!

Use the syntax described in std::fmt to create a value of type String. See std::fmt for more information.

format_args!

The core macro for formatted string creation & output.

include_bytes!

Includes a file as a byte slice.

include_str!

Includes a utf8-encoded file as a string.

line!

A macro which expands to the line number on which it was invoked.

module_path!

Expands to a string that represents the current module path.

option_env!

Optionally inspect an environment variable at compile time.

panic!

The entry point for panic of Rust tasks.

print!

Equivalent to the println! macro except that a newline is not printed at the end of the message.

println!

Macro for printing to a task's stdout handle.

scoped_thread_local!

Declare a new scoped thread local storage key.

select!

A macro to select an event from a number of receivers.

stringify!

A macro which stringifies its argument.

thread_local!

Declare a new thread local storage key of type std::thread_local::Key.

try!

Helper macro for unwrapping Result values while returning early with an error if the value of the expression is Err. For more information, see std::io.

unimplemented!

A standardised placeholder for marking unfinished code. It panics with the message "not yet implemented" when executed.

unreachable!

A utility macro for indicating unreachable code.

vec!

Creates a Vec containing the arguments.

write!

Use the format! syntax to write data into a buffer of type &mut Writer. See std::fmt for more information.

writeln!

Equivalent to the write! macro, except that a newline is appended after the message is written.